In a letter to Robert Hooke, N

All of the University educated would have been influenced by thegreats of Greek Science, Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius,Aristotle

Several astronomers were creating a stir at the time mostlybecause the Church opposed it.

Copernicus and Gallileo had already established heliocentricismandGallileo had already demonstrated that gravity was a uniform force,in his experiment on the tower of Pisa. Kepler’s Laws were thefirst book officially banned by the Church.

Archimedes:

One of the most famous examples of his mathematical discoveriesincludes how he figured out the volume of an irregular shape. Thisdiscovery took place in Archimedes’ bath tub with a gold crownwhich was supposed to be detected for any silver substitution. Thisincident is relative to Archimedes’ Principle in hydrostatics andhence was a major contribution made by the mathematician.

The Archimedes screw which was initially developed as an idea bythe great mind can be accredited in many different types ofmachinery.

Out of the many inventions, Archimedes Heat Ray was a techniquewhich was supposedly meant to make ships catch fire through mirrorsand proper reflection. The Archimedes Claw was also an inventionintended to destroy the enemy. He also worked a lot of levers andleverage in ‘On the Equilibrium of Planes’.

Copernicus:

Copernicus finished the first manuscript of his book, “DeRevolutionibus Orbium Coelestium” (“On the Revolutions of theHeavenly Spheres”) in 1532. In it, Copernicus established that theplanets orbited the sun rather than the Earth. He laid out hismodel of the solar system and the path of the planets.

Aristotle:

Invented the Logic of the Categorical Syllogism .Classificationof Living Beings.

It is true that while Aristotle established new frontiers in thefield of life sciences, his ventures into physics fall short bycomparison. His studies in physics seem to have been highlyinfluenced by pre-established ideas of contemporary and earlierGreek thinkers. For instance, in his treatises On Generation andCorruption and On the Heavens, the world set-up he described hadmany similarities with propositions made by some pre-Socratic eratheorists. He embraced Empedocles’ view on the make-up of theuniverse that everything was created from different compositions ofthe four fundamental elements: earth, water, air, and fire.Similarly, Aristotle believed that any kind of change meantsomething was in motion. In a rather self-contradicting way (atleast the initial interpreters found it to be so), he defined themotion of anything as the actuality of a potentiality. In itsentirety, Aristotle understood physics as a part of theoreticalscience that was in sync with natural philosophy. Perhaps a moresynonymous term to attach to Aristotle’s interpretation would be“physis” or simply the study of nature.

Galileo:

Galileo, though not the first inventor of the refractingtelescope, significantly enhanced its power. In 1609, he learned ofthe spyglass and began to experiment with telescope-making,grinding and polishing his own lenses. His telescope allowed him tosee with a magnification of eight or nine times, making it possibleto see that the Moon had mountains and that Jupiter hadsatellites.

The first pendulum clock

If that wasn’t enough, as well as Galileo’s contributions toastronomy, he also designed a major component for the firstpendulum clock, Galileo’s escapement. This design, however, wentunbuilt until after the construction of the first working pendulumclock by Christiaan Huygens.